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Cold Work Tool Steel refers to steel used for molding and deforming metals at room temperature. This steel must endure high-stress working conditions, necessitating high hardness and wear resistance, as well as adequate strength and toughness.
Cold work tool steel typically contains high carbon content to ensure superior hardness and wear resistance. For molds requiring enhanced impact resistance, medium carbon steel may be used, often substituting with hot work tool steel. Alloying elements like Cr, Mo, W, and V are added to improve hardenability and wear resistance, making it ideal for high-wear applications.
High Wear Resistance:ย Cold work tool steel must maintain low surface roughness and high dimensional accuracy despite extensive friction between the mold surface and the workpiece. This is achieved through high hardness (30%-50% higher than the workpiece) and tempered martensite or bainite structures, distributed with fine, uniform carbides. Typically, the carbon content is above 0.60%.
High Strength and Toughness:ย Strength, indicated by tensile and compressive yield points, is crucial for mold parts to resist deformation and breakage. For molds subjected to high impact loads, such as punches and cold heading dies, toughness is prioritized. For those under smaller repeated impact loads, fatigue resistance is key.
Gall Resistance:ย Gall resistance measures the ability to resist “cold welding.” Testing involves friction between the tool steel sample and a material with galling tendencies (like austenitic steel), with increasing load until a sudden torque increase indicates galling. Higher critical galling load means better resistance.
Heat Softening Resistance:ย This measures how heat affects hardness, deformation resistance, and wear resistance during loading. Indicators include softening temperature (ยฐC) and secondary hardening hardness (HRC).
Process performance impacts manufacturing cycles and costs. Key aspects include:
Forging Process:ย Forging reduces machining allowance and steel consumption, while improving internal defects like carbide segregation, reducing harmful impurities, and enhancing the steel’s structure. Good forgeability means low hot forging deformation resistance, good plasticity, a wide forging temperature range, and minimal tendency to crack or precipitate network carbides.
Machinability:ย Cold work tool steel, primarily hypereutectoid and ledeburitic steels, is generally challenging to machine. Proper heat treatment can enhance machinability, while high surface quality molds may use free-cutting steel containing elements like S and Ca.
Heat Treatment Process:ย This involves hardenability, hardening capability, temper resistance, overheating sensitivity, oxidation, decarburization tendencies, quenching deformation, and cracking tendencies.
Cold Work Tool Steel is indispensable across various industries due to its excellent hardness, wear resistance, and toughness at room temperature. Here are the primary applications categorized by industry:
Stamping Dies: Essential for producing automotive body parts, Cold Work Tool Steel ensures high precision and durability.
Cold Heading Dies: Used to manufacture bolts, screws, and rivets, crucial for vehicle assembly.
Punches and Dies: In cutting and forming operations for producing small parts and components.
Sheet Metal Forming Tools: Utilized in shaping aircraft body parts, ensuring high strength and wear resistance.
Trimming Dies: For trimming excess material from forged or cast aerospace components, maintaining tight tolerances and clean finishes.
Cold Extrusion Dies: Used to produce high-strength aerospace fasteners and other components with complex shapes.
Shear Blades: Employed in cutting reinforcement bars and structural steel sheets for building construction.
Drawing Dies: For producing construction-grade wires and cables, ensuring consistent diameter and surface finish.
Blanking Dies: Used to cut out shapes from steel sheets for structural components.
Mold Inserts and Dies: Used in producing molds for plastic injection molding and die casting, ensuring high durability and precision.
Forming Rolls: Employed in roll forming processes to produce metal profiles and shapes for various applications.
Thread Rolling Dies: For forming threads on tools and fasteners, ensuring durability and accuracy.
Cutting Tools: Cold Work Tool Steel is ideal for manufacturing cutting tools such as drills, reamers, and end mills, ensuring high cutting performance and longevity.
Slitting Cutters: Used in cutting narrow strips from metal sheets for manufacturing components and parts.
Cold Forging Dies: Employed in cold forging processes to produce high-strength parts with precise dimensions.
Punches and Dies: For cutting and forming metal packaging materials, ensuring high precision and repeatability.
Compaction Dies: Used in powder metallurgy to compact metal powders into desired shapes, crucial for producing metal packaging components.
Blanking Dies: For blanking operations to produce flat metal components for packaging machinery.
Cold Extrusion Dies: Used to produce metal components with complex shapes and high dimensional accuracy for electronic devices.
Drawing Dies: For manufacturing fine wires used in electrical applications, ensuring consistent quality and performance.
Thread Cutting Tools: Essential for producing threaded components used in electrical and electronic devices.
Forming Tools: Cold Work Tool Steel is used to produce precise and durable forming tools for manufacturing medical devices and implants.
Cutting and Shearing Tools: Employed in cutting and shaping high-precision medical components, ensuring clean cuts and long tool life.
Compaction Dies: Used in the powder metallurgy process to manufacture metal parts for medical devices with high strength and precision.
| Cold-Work Mold Steel | |||||||||||
| NO. | Grade | Chemical Composition (Mass Fraction) /% | |||||||||
| C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | W | Mo | V | Others | ||
| โค | |||||||||||
| 1 | Cr12 | 2.00~
2.30 |
โค0.40 | โค0.40 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 1.50~
13.00 |
Coโค1.00 | |||
| 2 | Cr12Mo1V1 | 1.40~
1.60 |
โค0.60 | โค0.60 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 11.00~
13.00 |
0.70~
1.20 |
0.5~
1.10 |
||
| 3 | Cr12MoV | 1.45~
1.70 |
โค0.40 | โค0.40 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 1.00~
12.50 |
0.40~
0.60 |
0.15~
0.30 |
||
| 4 | Cr5Mo1V | 0.95~
1.05 |
โค0.50 | โค1.00 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 4.75~
5.50 |
0.90~
1.40 |
0.15~
0.50 |
||
| 5 | 9Mn2V | 0.85~
0.95 |
โค0.40 | 1.70~
2.00 |
0.030 | 0.030 | 0.10~
0.25 |
||||
| 6 | CrWMn | 0.90~
1.05 |
โค0.40 | 0.80~
1.10 |
0.030 | 0.030 | 0.90~
1.20 |
1.20~
1.60 |
Nb:
0.20~ 0.35 |
||
| 7 | 9CrWMn | 0.85~
0.95 |
โค0.40 | 0.90~
1.20 |
0.030 | 0.030 | 0.50~
0.80 |
0.50~
0.80 |
|||
| 8 | Cr4W2MoV | 1.12~
1.25 |
0.40~
0.70 |
โค0.40 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 3.50~
4.00 |
1.90~
2.60 |
0.80~
1.20 |
0.80~
1.10 |
|
| 9 | 6Cr4W3Mo2VNb | 0.60~
0.70 |
โค0.40 | โค0.40 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 3.80~
4.40 |
2.50~
3.50 |
1.80~
2.50 |
0.80~
1.20 |
|
| 10 | 6W6Mo5Cr4V | 0.55~
0.65 |
โค0.40 | โค0.60 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 3.70~
4.30 |
6.00~
7.00 |
4.50~
5.50 |
0.70~
1.10 |
|
| 11 | 7CrSiMnMoV | 0.65~
0.75 |
0.85~
1.15 |
0.65~
1.05 |
0.030 | 0.030 | 0.90~
1.20 |
0.20~
0.50 |
0.15~
0.30 |
||
| Cold-Work Mold Steel | |||||
| NO. | GB | ISO | ASTM | JIS | DIN |
| 1 | Cr12 | 4957 (X210Cr12) | D3 | SKD1 | 1.2080 |
| 2 | Cr12Mo1V1 | 4957 (X155CrMoV12)-1 | D2 | SKD11 | 1.2379 |
| 3 | Cr5Mo1V | A2 | SKS31 | 1.2344 | |
